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nika_830 мая 2024 г.During the eighteenth century, however, new kinds of travellers began to emerge, especially the scientific travellers in search of new geographical and biological information, and the missionaries who began increasingly to travel to spread the Christian religion and who, like the scientific explorers, saw their interaction with the people of the worlds they entered as essentially benign.
1653- nika_829 мая 2024 г.Читать далее
This was partly due to the decline of the Muslim control of the so-called Middle and Far East, which allowed travellers to proceed under the Pax Mongolica as far as China (Marco Polo), and partly due to the development of effective navigational aids and the advances in mapping. Such advances meant that early sea-going explorers such as the Portuguese and the Spanish could venture further afield and risk leaving the coast-hugging voyages of the fifteenth century to start out into the Atlantic itself to discover the off-shore islands of the Canaries and the Azores, perhaps the earliest of all European ‘colonies’, which they occupied in the early sixteenth century.
1647 - nika_829 мая 2024 г.Читать далее
In particular, anthropology has tried to reorient itself towards the study of groups or sections of the cultures within the metropolitan spheres, breaking down the idea that sociology deals with ‘us’ and anthropology with ‘them’. Forming links with other disciplines, with which in the past it had tended to compete, such as sociology, psychology and linguistics, contemporary cultural anthropology seeks to take its core practice of ‘fieldwork’ and ethnographic description into societies and subgroups much closer to the observer’s own culture.
1646 - nika_826 мая 2024 г.
The concern with binarism was first established by the French structural linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who held that signs have meaning not by a simple reference to real objects, but by their opposition to other signs. Each sign is itself the function of a binary between the signifier, the ‘signal’ or sound image of the word, and the signified, the significance of the signal, the concept or mental image that it evokes.
1665 - nika_826 мая 2024 г.
Abrogation refers to the rejection by postcolonial writers of a normative concept of ‘correct’ or ‘standard’ English used by certain classes or groups, and of the corresponding concepts of inferior ‘dialects’ or ‘marginal variants’.
1663 - nika_89 июня 2024 г.
Nigeria and India are examples of colonies of occupation, where indigenous people remained in the majority but were administered by a foreign power. Examples of settler colonies where, over time, the invading Europeans (or their descendants) annihilated, displaced and/or marginalized the indigenes to become a majority non-indigenous population, include Argentina, Australia, Canada and the United States.
1538 - nika_89 июня 2024 г.Читать далее
Colonialism and its project had a peculiar and paradoxical relationship with the sacred. Christianity was seen as very much part of the package of ‘civilization’ that colonialism would bring to the colonized peoples. Colonial missions expanded rapidly alongside the growth of colonies. The imperial project was often justified by the responsibility of the European nations to bring the benefits of the light of Christianity to the ‘dark places’ of the earth, where it was asserted only heathenism and superstition ruled.
1538 - nika_830 мая 2024 г.
The period after the Second World War saw an upsurge of new independent states. India and Pakistan were ‘granted’ independence in 1947, as were the majority of African states in 1960. But it is worth noting how long the process of achieving independence took to complete. Some countries in the Caribbean, for instance, did not become independent until the 1980s.
1591 - nika_829 мая 2024 г.
The condition of exile involves the idea of a separation and distancing from either a literal homeland or from a cultural and ethnic origin. Critics such as Andrew Gurr (1981) have suggested that a distinction should be drawn between the idea of exile, which implies involuntary constraint, and that of expatriation, which implies a voluntary act or state.
1546 - nika_829 мая 2024 г.
Ethnography is that field of anthropological research based on direct observation of and reporting on a people’s way of life. It is the basic methodology employed by cultural anthropologists and consists of two stages: fieldwork, which is the term used for the process of observing and recording data; and reportage, the production of a written description and analysis of the subject under study.
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