Knowledge: A Very Short Introduction

What is knowledge? How does it differ from mere belief? Do you need to be able to justify a claim in order to count as knowing it? How can we know that the outer world is real and not a dream? Questions like these are ancient ones, and the branch of philosophy dedicated to answering them - epistemology - has been active for thousands of years. In this thought-provoking Very Short Introduction, Jennifer Nagel considers these classic questions alongside new puzzles arising from recent discoveri...

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kitties_with_days14 сентября 2022 г.
Internalists place a special emphasis on what you can do with resources that are available from the first-person perspective: if you can’t see for yourself why you should believe something, you don’t actually know it. The subject’s own awareness of good grounds is an essential part of what distinguishes knowing from lower states like guessing.
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kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.
A fire has just been lit to roast some meat. The fire hasn’t started sending up any smoke, but the smell of the meat has attracted a cloud of insects. From a distance, an observer sees the dark swarm above the horizon and mistakes it for smoke. ‘There’s a fire burning at that spot,’ the distant observer says.

Does the observer know that there is a fire burning in the distance?
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kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.
However, it’s not always true that the more common thing is more basic. Consider the concept of a perfect circle: very simple, and perhaps quite rarely found in nature. Now, if by the word ‘rounded’ we mean ‘at least roughly circular’, then there will be many more rounded things than circular things, but the concept of the circle would still be more basic. The circle is our fundamental starting point, something we used in defining ‘rounded’.
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