Ваша оценкаЦитаты
kitties_with_days14 сентября 2022 г.Internalists place a special emphasis on what you can do with resources that are available from the first-person perspective: if you can’t see for yourself why you should believe something, you don’t actually know it. The subject’s own awareness of good grounds is an essential part of what distinguishes knowing from lower states like guessing.
05- kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.
A fire has just been lit to roast some meat. The fire hasn’t started sending up any smoke, but the smell of the meat has attracted a cloud of insects. From a distance, an observer sees the dark swarm above the horizon and mistakes it for smoke. ‘There’s a fire burning at that spot,’ the distant observer says.
Does the observer know that there is a fire burning in the distance?08 - kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.
However, it’s not always true that the more common thing is more basic. Consider the concept of a perfect circle: very simple, and perhaps quite rarely found in nature. Now, if by the word ‘rounded’ we mean ‘at least roughly circular’, then there will be many more rounded things than circular things, but the concept of the circle would still be more basic. The circle is our fundamental starting point, something we used in defining ‘rounded’.
06 - kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.Читать далее
Imagine that you have a ticket in a fair one-in-a-thousand lottery for a huge cash prize. The draw has just been held, but the winner has not yet been announced. As you wait for the announcement, do you know that your ticket has not won? Odds are 99.9 per cent that it has lost, but most people say that despite the slim odds of winning, they don’t know that they have lost until the announcement is made. But if a 99.9 per cent chance isn’t high enough for knowledge, how high do our chances need to be?
05 - kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.
Knowledge is true belief produced by a reliable belief-producing mechanism, where by ‘reliable’ we mean ‘likely to produce a true belief’. Known as reliabilism, this analysis of knowledge rapidly won many fans.
05 - kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.
Beyond the limits of what could be known, Locke argued, human beings could certainly have faith or opinion, but they should neither claim certainty, nor attack those who differ in matters of opinion or faith (the promotion of tolerance was a large part of Locke’s agenda in figuring out the limits of knowledge).
05 - kitties_with_days13 сентября 2022 г.Читать далее
Oxford philosopher Timothy Williamson suggests that scepticism initially looks appealing (despite its bleak consequences) because it is a good thing carried too far. The good thing is that we have a healthy critical ability to double-check individual things we believe by suspending judgement in them temporarily to see whether they really fit with the rest of what we know. But if this ability to suspend individual beliefs serves as a useful immune system to weed out inconsistent and ungrounded ideas, scepticism is like an autoimmune disease in which the protective mechanism goes too far and attacks the healthy parts of the organism.
06 - kitties_with_days30 августа 2022 г.
We could reasonably be alarmed by someone claiming to know a controversial philosophical claim despite an inability to prove it; we should not feel such resistance to someone who claims to know a simple observable fact about his immediate environment.
05 - kitties_with_days30 августа 2022 г.
Explicit reasoning or proof has a clear role to play when we are supporting general philosophical claims: we can engage in extended reasoning about exactly what it means for something to be an ‘external object’. By contrast, an ordinary claim like ‘Here is a hand’ is so basic that it is hard to find simpler and better-known claims we could use to support it. (There is a parallel with mathematics here, where some basic claims are taken as axioms, not themselves in need of proof.)
04 - kitties_with_days30 августа 2022 г.
If knowledge is easy to get, so is mere opinion, and it can be hard to spot the difference.
02